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TOEFL

Incorrect word TOEFL

Synonym word TOEFL

Reading Comprehension

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Tuesday, July 31, 2007

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

/s/ & /z/

The consonant sounds in "sit" and "zit" are both made by putting your teeth together and putting your tongue in the middle of your mouth, right behind your teeth, but not touching them.

If we make these sounds the same way, then what is the difference between them? The difference is not what we do with our mouths, but what we do with our voice.

When we make a /s/ sound, we do not use our voice; the sound is quiet. Put your hand on your throat and make the sound /s/. You should not feel any movement in your throat.
However, when we make a /z/ sound, we do use our voice. Put your hand on your throat and make the /z/ sound. Can you feel the vibrations?

Now let's listen to some sounds!

"sit" sounds:
"zit" sounds:

To practice voiced and voiceless sounds at the end of words, click here.

source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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r and l sounds in English

/r/ & /l/

It is easy to confuse /r/ and /l/ in English. However, it is also easy to learn how to make the two different sounds. The big thing to remember is that when you say /r/, YOUR TONGUE SHOULD NOT TOUCH THE TOP OF YOUR MOUTH. It should be bunched up towards the back of your mouth with the tip pointing towards the top of your mouth (BUT NOT TOUCHING!). We do NOT move our tongue while making the American /r/ sound. This makes it different from the /r/ is German, Czech, or even some other English dialects, like Scottish. Your lips should also be round when you say /r/, like you are getting ready to kiss someone.

Here are some videos with /r/ sounds at the beginning of them. (These videos will launch a separate video viewer to play them. Make sure you have a plug-in for video clips.)

There are actually two different ways to make /l/ sounds in American English. The most common way is to put the tip of your tongue on the roof of your mouth behind your teeth (as it your were going to make a /d/ or /t/ sou nd). As you make the sound, the air comes out from the sides of your tongue. The second way to make /l/ is used after some vowels, like in the words call, full, toll, and walk. This sound is made way in the back of your mouth by putting the back of you r tongue close to the back of your mouth so that there is only a small opening for air.

/r/ sounds after a vowel change the sound of the vowel, too. This is called r colorization.

Now let's listen to some sounds!

r sounds: l sounds:

source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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The sounds in "did" and "ted"

/d/ /t/


The consonant sounds in "did" and "ted" are both made by putting our tongue right behind our top teeth and then moving it to release a small puff of air.

If we make these sounds the same way, then what is the difference between them? The difference is not what we do with our mouths, but what we do with our voice. When we make a /t/ sound, we do not use our voice; the sound is quiet. Put your hand on your throat and make the sound /t/. You should not feel any movement in your throat.

However, when we make a /d/ sound, we do use our voice. Put your hand on your throat and make the /d/ sound. Can you feel the vibrations?

Another way to help you learn the difference between these two sounds is that /t/(the voiceless sound) makes a bigger puff of air. Put your hand in front of your mouth and make the /t/ sound. Feel the big puff of air. Now put your hand in front of your mouth again and make the /d/ sound (the voiced sound). Feel only a little puff of air? Good!

Now let's listen to some sounds!

"did" sounds:
"Ted" sounds:
To practice voiced and voiceless sounds at the end of words, click here.

source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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The sounds in English

There are actually two different "th" sounds in English, but they are very similar. Both "th" sounds are made putting your tongue between your teeth so that the tip of your tongue is touching the tips of your top teeth. Now you can make a "th" sound by blowing are through your teeth. You can check to see if you are doing it correctly by using a mirror. You should be able to see your tongue when you say words such as "this", "the", and "that". If cannot see your tongue, yo u may be putting your tongue behind your top teeth instead of touching the tips of your top teeth.

If you put your tongue behind your top teeth, you will make a /d/ or /t/sound instead of a "th" sound. If it sounds like you are making an /s/ or /z/ sound, it is also because your tongue is behind your teeth. Make sure you are touching your teeth with your tongue!

Watch where the tongue is in these video clips. Can you see it between the teeth? (These videos will launch a separate video viewer to play them. Make sure you have a plug-in for video clips.)

  • 'think' close up video (400 k MPEG file)
  • 'that' close up video (500 k MPEG file)

    There is a difference, however, in the "th" sound in "the" and "breathe" and the sound in "thigh" and "breath". What is the difference?

    In "the" and "breathe", we use our voice when we make the "th" sound. Try to make a "th" sound using your voice. If you put your hand on your throat, you should feel the vibration.

    The sound in "thigh" and "breath" is made without using our voice. If you put your hand on your throat when you are making this sound, you will not feel anything moving.

    Now let's listen to some sounds!

    "thy" sounds:

    "thigh" sounds:

    To practice voiced and voiceless sounds at the end of words, click here.

    source: soundsofenglish.org


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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

Thanks for visiting my blog, subscribe to my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting!

Nasal sounds

/m/ /n/ and "ng"

The beginning sounds in "mitt" and "knit", as well as the sound at the end of "bring", are called "nasals". That is because when we makes these sounds, the air goes out of our nose instead of our mouths.


The first sound, /m/, is made by closing your mouth. Now use your voice to make a sound. That is the sound /m/. Try holding your nose and making this sound. You can't do it. You need for the air to go out your nose in order to make this sound.

Here is a video clip with the /m/ sound. Compare this clip of someone saying 'mom' to the 'pop' clip on the b/p page. Notice how both sounds are made with the lips. BUT when the speaker says 'mom' she doesn't open her mouth again afterwards, but she does when she says 'pop.' Why? For /m/, you only need to close your mouth. For /p/, you need to close your mouth and then open it again to release that puff of air that makes the /p/. (These videos will launch a separate video viewer to play them. Make sure you have a plug-in for video clips.)

The second sound, /n/, is made by putting the tip of your tongue on the roof of your mouth, right behind your teeth, like you do when you make /d/ or /t/. Now use your voice to make a sound (don't move your tongue!). Be careful that you do not say /l/ instead of /n/. You can check by holding your nose. If you can make the sound and hold your nose, you are saying /l/, if you can't then you are saying /n/.

The sound at the end of "bring", the "ng" sound is actually one sound even though it is written with two letters. To make this sound, put your tongue up against the roof of the back of your mouth, as if you are going to say /k/ or /g/. Now, make a sound using your voice. This is "ng".
In English, the "ng" sound is only found at the end of syllables. It cannot start a word.

Now let's listen to some sounds!

source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

Thanks for visiting my blog, subscribe to my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting!

Level B

Kiểm tra kiến thức tiếng Anh trình độ B ( English Test )

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

Thanks for visiting my blog, subscribe to my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting!

Level A

Kiểm tra kiến thức tiếng Anh trình độ A ( English Test )

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

Thanks for visiting my blog, subscribe to my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting!

Monday, July 30, 2007

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

/b/ & /p/

The consonant sounds in "bat" and "pat" are both made by putting our two lips together and then opening them to release a small puff of air.

In these two video clips, you can see the woman saying the words "Pop" and "Bob." Notice

If we make these sounds the same way, then what is the difference between them? The difference is not what we do with our mouths, but what we do with our voice. When we make a /p/ sound, we do not use our voice; the sound is quiet. Put your hand on your throat and make the sound /p/. You should not feel any movement in your throat.

However, when we make a /b/ sound, we do use our voice. Put your hand on your throat and make the /b/ sound. Can you feel the vibrations? Another way to help you learn the difference between these two sounds is that /p/(the voiceless sound) makes a bigger puff of air. Put your hand in front of your mouth and make the /p/ sound. Feel the big puff of air. Now put your hand in front of your mouth again and make the /b/ sound (the voiced sound). Feel only a little puff of air? Good!

Watch videos of these sounds! In these video clips, notice how the speaker puts her lips together at the beginning and end of the words. In fact, notice that her lips move in a very similar way for both 'Pop' and 'Bob' -- the difference in how she says them is with her voice. (These videos will launch a separate video viewer to play them. Make sure you have a plug-in for video clips.)

source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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Reduced Vowel Sounds

In English, we give some syllables more stress than others. That means that some syllables are louder, longer, and clearer than others. Syllables that are unstressed are shorter, softer, and less clear. In fact, there are o nly TWO reduced vowel sounds in English. These are the "Schwa" sound and the "barred i" sound.

The "barred i" is like a really short /I/ sound.
The "schwa" is like a really short vowel made in the center of your mouth.

Now let's listen to some sounds!

source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"


These three vowel sounds are all diphthongs. This means they are actually two vowel sounds that slur together. Notice your mouth move when you say these sounds. Now compare that to "he". When you said "he", you can say the vowel sounds for a long time without moving your mouth!

Now let's listen to some sounds!

Here are some video clips!

Notice how the jaw moves, showing the movement from one vowel sounds to the second. (These videos will launch a separate video viewer to play them. Make sure you have a plug-in for video clips.)

  • coy (200 k MPEG file)
  • how (200 kMPEG file)
  • hi (200 K MPEG file)
source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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The sounds in "ought" and "hot"


We make the sound in "hot" (/a/) with our mouth open the widest. Pretend you are going to the doctor and saying "ahhhhhhhh".

See how open your
mouth is and how
far back your tongue is.

The sound in "ought" is made with your mouth open not as wide and the sound more in the middle of your mouth. Try to say a very quick, light /ou/ sound. That is the sound in "ought".
Don't worry if you are having problems with this sound! Many native English speakers do, too! New Yorkers pronounce the word "ought" much differently, and many people in the mid-west pronounce the words "caught" and "cot" exactly the same.


Now let's listen to some sounds!

"ought" sounds:
"hot" sounds:

To practice more with the /a/ sound, go to this page:

source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The vowel sound in hoed is called a diphthong. This means it is actually two vowel sounds that slur together. As you say the sound, your mouth will get more closed and your lips will get more round. At the end of this sound, you will be making the same vowel sounds as in /u/, and your lips should not be as round as they as when you say "hoot".

Now let's listen to some sounds!

"hoed" sounds:

"hoot" sounds:


To practice more /u/ sounds, go to these pages:


The sounds in hoot and hood

The sounds in hoot and hut

source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"


We make the sound in "hoot" (/u/) with our really rounded. Sing "ooh, baby, baby" or pretend you are going to kiss someone.

Here is a picture of
someone making this sound.
See how round her lips are.

However, when we say "hut" we open our mouths wider and relax our lips. The sound in "hut" is in the center of your mouth. Try to put your tongue in the center of your mouth.

Now let's listen to some sounds!

"hoot" sounds:

"hut" sounds:

source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"


We make the sound in "hoot" (/u/) with our really rounded. Sing "ooh, baby, baby" or pretend you are going to kiss someone.

Here is a picture of
someone making this sound.
See how round her lips are.

See here that when she says "hood", her lips are more relaxed.

Now let's listen to some sounds!

source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

Thanks for visiting my blog, subscribe to my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting!

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"


We make the sound in "hot" (/a/) with our mouth open the widest. Pretend you are going to the doctor and saying "ahhhhhhhh".

See how open your
mouth is and how
far back your tongue is.

These two video clips also show the /a/ sound. Clicking on the links below will download the video clips and launch a separate viewer so you can watch them (MPEG file format).

The sound in "hat" is made with your mouth open not as wide and the sound is not as far back in your throat. Pretend someone is choking you. The sound you will make is this "hat" vowel.

Now let's listen to some sounds!

"hat" sounds:

"hot" sounds:


source: soundsofenglish.org

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Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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The sounds in "head" and "hate"

We make the sound in "head" with our mouth open wider than for /i/ or /I/ and our tongues not as close to the top of our mouths.

The sound in "hate" is actually a dipthong, which means it is a combination of the sounds /e/ and /I/. You can feel your tongue moving closer to the roof of your mouth when you say it.

Now let's listen to some sounds!

"head" sounds: "hate" sounds:
source: soundsofenglish.org

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

We make the sound in "heed" (/i/) with our tongue very close to the top of our mouth. We also spread our lips so it looks like we are smiling.
You can see how Laurie looks like she is smiling when she says /i/ in the picture.

Here is a video clip of this same vowel sound. Notice how the speaker looks like she is smiling when she says 'read.' (These videos will launch a separate video viewer to play them. Make sure you have a plug-in for video clips.)

When we make the sound in "hid" (/I/), we don't look as much like we are smiling, and our tongues are lower in our mouths. Here is a picture of our mouths so that you can compare where the tongue is for these two sounds.

Now let's listen to some sounds!

/i/ sounds: /I/ sounds:


source: soundsofenglish.org

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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Một số ngữ động từ thường gặp

48. Một số ngữ động từ thường gặp

Đó là những động từ kết hợp với 1, 2 hoặc đôi khi 3 giới từ, khi kết hợp ở dạng như vậy ngữ nghĩa của chúng thay đổi hẳn so với nghĩa ban đầu.

  • To break off: chấm dứt, cắt đứt, đoạn tuyệt.

  • To bring up: nêu ra, đưa lên một vấn đề

  • To call on: yêu cầu / đến thăm

  • To care for: thích / trông nom, săn sóc (look after)

  • To check out (of/from) a library: mượn sách ở thư viện về

  • To check out: điều tra, xem xét.

  • To check out (of): làm thủ tục để ra (khách sạn, sân bay) <> check in.

  • To check (up) on: điều tra, xem xét.

  • To close in (on): tiến lại gần, chạy lại gần

  • To come along with: đi cùng với

  • To count on = depend on = rely on

  • To come down with: mắc phải một căn bệnh

  • Do away with = get rid of: tống khứ, loại bỏ, trừ khử

  • To daw up = to draft: soạn thảo (một kế hoạch, một hợp đồng)

  • To drop out of = to withdraw from: bỏ (đặc biệt là bỏ học giữa chừng)

  • To figure out: Hình dung ra được, hiểu được.

  • To find out: khám phá ra, phát hiện ra.

  • To get by: Lần hồi qua ngày, sống sót qua được

  • To get through with: kết thúc

  • To get through to: thông tin được cho ai, gọi được cho (điện thoại), tìm cách làm cho hiểu

  • To get up: dậy/ tổ chức.

  • To give up: bỏ, từ bỏ

  • To go along with: đồng ý với

  • To hold on to: vẫn giữ vững, duy trì

  • To hold up: cướp / vẫn giữ vững, vẫn duy trì, vẫn sống bình thường, vẫn dùng được (bất chấp sức ép bên ngoài hoặc sử dụng lâu)

  • To keep on doing smt: vẫn tiếp tục không ngừng làm gì

  • To look after: trông nom, săn sóc

  • To look into: điều tra, xem xét

  • To pass out = to faint: ngất (nội động từ, không dùng bị động)

  • To pick out: chọn ra, lựa ra, nhặt ra

  • To point out: chỉ ra, vạch ra

  • To put off: trì hoãn, đình hoãn

  • To run across: khám phá, phát hiện ra (tình cờ)

  • To run into sb: gặp ai bất ngờ

  • To see about to: lo lắng, săn sóc, chạy vạy

  • To take off: cất cánh <> to land

  • To take over for: thay thế cho

  • to talk over: bàn soạn, thảo luận về

  • to try out: thử nghiệm, dùng thử (sản phẩm)

  • to try out for: thử vai, thử giọng (1 vở kịch, buổi biểu diễn)

  • To turn in: giao nộp, đệ trình / đi ngủ

  • To watch out for: cảnh giác, để mắt, trông chừng (cả nghĩa đen lẫn nghĩa bóng)

Bảng các động từ bất quy tắc

Present

Past

Past Participle

be was, were been
become became become
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
let let let
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke (waked) woken (waked)
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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Cách sử dụng giới từ

47. Cách sử dụng giới từ

  • During = trong suốt (hoạt động diễn ra liên tục)

  • From = từ >< to =" đến" time =" đôi">

  • Out of=ra khỏi>< date =" mới," work =" thất" question =" không" order =" hỏng," into="vào">

  • By:
    động từ chỉ chuyển động + by = đi ngang qua (walk by the library)
    động từ tĩnh + by = ở gần (your books are by the window)
    by + thời gian cụ thể = trước lúc, cho đến lúc (hành động cho đến lúc đó phải xảy ra)
    by + phương tiện giao thông = đi bằng
    by then = cho đến lúc đó (dùng cho cả QK và TL)
    by way of= theo đường... = via
    by the way = một cách tình cờ, ngẫu nhiên
    by the way = by the by = nhân đây, nhân tiện
    by far + so sánh (thường là so sánh bậc nhất)=>dùng để nhấn mạnh
    by accident = by mistake = tình cờ, ngẫu nhiên ><>

  • In = bên trong
    In + month/year
    In time for = In good time for = Đúng giờ (thường kịp làm gì, hơi sớm hơn giờ đã định một chút)
    In the street = dưới lòng đường
    In the morning/ afternoon/ evening
    In the past/future = trước kia, trong quá khứ/ trong tương lai
    In future = from now on = từ nay trở đi
    In the begining/ end = at first/ last = thoạt đầu/ rốt cuộc
    In the way = đỗ ngang lối, chắn lối
    Once in a while = đôi khi, thỉnh thoảng
    In no time at all = trong nháy mắt, một thoáng
    In the mean time = meanwhile = cùng lúc
    In the middle of (địa điểm)= ở giữa
    In the army/ airforce/ navy
    In + the + STT + row = hàng thứ...
    In the event that = trong trường hợp mà
    In case = để phòng khi, ngộ nhỡ
    Get/ be in touch/ contact with Sb = liên lạc, tiếp xúc với ai

  • On = trên bề mặt:
    On + thứ trong tuần/ ngày trong tháng
    On + a/the + phương tiện giao thông = trên chuyến/ đã lên chuyến...
    On + phố = địa chỉ... (như B.E : in + phố)
    On the + STT + floor = ở tầng thứ...
    On time = vừa đúng giờ (bất chấp điều kiện bên ngoài, nghĩa mạnh hơn in time)
    On the corner of = ở góc phố (giữa hai phố)
    Chú ý:
    In the corner = ở góc trong
    At the corner = ở góc ngoài/ tại góc phố
    On the sidewalk = pavement = trên vỉa hè
    Chú ý:
    On the pavement (A.E.)= trên mặt đường nhựa
    (Don’t brake quickly on the pavement or you can slice into another car)
    On the way to: trên đường đến >< telephone =" gọi" phone =" nhà" whole=" nói" hand =" tuy" n=" however" hand =" một" hand =" mặt" sale =" for" sale =" có" foot =" đi">

  • At = ở tại
    At + số nhà
    At + thời gian cụ thể
    At home/ school/ work
    At night/noon (A.E : at noon = at twelve = giữa trưa (she was invited to the party at noon, but she was 15 minutes late))
    At least = chí ít, tối thiểu >< most =" tối" once ="ngay" moment =" now" ving =" at" times =" đôi" first =" thoạt">< last =" cuối" day =" on">

  • Một số các thành ngữ dùng với giới từ
    On the beach: trên bờ biển
    Along the beach: dọc theo bờ biển
    In place of = Instead of: thay cho, thay vì.
    For the most part: chính là, chủ yếu là = mainly.
    In hope of + V-ing = Hoping to + V = Hoping that + sentence = với hi vọng là.
    off and on: dai dẳng, tái hồi
    all of a sudden= suddenly = bỗng nhiên
    for good = forever: vĩnh viễn, mãi mãi.

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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Những từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn

Đó là những từ rất dễ gây nhầm lẫn về cách viết, ngữ nghĩa, chính tả hoặc phát âm:

  • angel (N) = thiên thần

  • angle (N) = góc (trong hình học)

  • cite (V) = trích dẫn

  • site (N) = địa điểm, khu đất ( để xây dựng).

  • sight (N) = khe ngắm, tầm ngắm; (V) = quang cảnh, cảnh tượng; (V) = quan sát, nhìn thấy

  • dessert (N) = món tráng miệng

  • desert (N) = sa mạc; desert (V) = bỏ, bỏ mặc, đào ngũ

  • later (ADV) = sau đó, rồi thì (thường dùng với động từ thời tương lai)

  • latter (ADJ) = cái thứ 2, người thứ 2, cái sau, người sau. >< former =" cái">

  • principal (N) = hiệu trưởng (trường phổ thông); (Adj) = chính, chủ yếu.

  • principle (N) = nguyên tắc, luật lệ

  • affect (V) = tác động đến

  • effect (N) = ảnh hưởng, hiệu quả; (V) = thực hiện, đem lại

  • already (Adv) = đã

  • all ready = tất cả đã sẵn sàng.

  • among (prep) trong số (dùng cho 3 người, 3 vật trở lên)

  • between...and giữa...và (chỉ dùng cho 2 người/vật)
    Lưu ý: between...and cũng còn được dùng để chỉ vị trí chính xác của một quốc gia nằm giữa những quốc gia khác cho dù là > 2
    Vietnam lies between China, Laos and Cambodia.
    Between còn được dùng cho các quãng cách giữa các vật và các giới hạn về mặt thời gian.
    Difference + between (not among)
    What are the differences between crows, rooks, and jackdaws.
    Between each + noun (-and the next) (more formal)
    We need 2 meters between each window.
    There seems to be less and less time between each birthday (and the next).
    Devide + between (not among)
    He devided his money between his wife, his daughter, and his sister.
    Share + between/among
    He shared the food between/among all my friend.

  • consecutive (Adj) liên tục (không có tính đứt quãng)

  • successive (Adj) liên tục (có tính cách quãng)

  • emigrant (N) người di cư, (V) -> emigrate from

  • immigrant (N) người nhập cư; (V) immigrate into

  • formerly (Adv) trước kia

  • formally (Adv) chỉnh tề (ăn mặc); (Adv) chính thức

  • historic (Adj) nổi tiếng, quan trọng trong lịch sử
    The historic spot on which the early English settlers landed in North America
    (Adj) mang tính lịch sử.
    historic times

  • historical (Adj) thuộc về lịch sử
    Historical reseach, historical magazine
    (Adj) có thật trong lịch sử
    Historical people, historical events

  • hepless (Adj) vô vọng, tuyệt vọng

  • useless (Adj) vô dụng

  • imaginary = (Adj) không có thật, tưởng tượng

  • imaginative = (Adj) phong phú, bay bổng về trí tưởng tượng

  • Classic (adj) chất lượng cao: a classic novel (một cuốn tiểu thuyết hay); a classic football match (một trận bóng đá hay).
    đặc thù/đặc trưng/tiêu biểu: a classic example (một ví dụ tiêu biểu, điển hình).
  • Classic (noun): văn nghệ sĩ, tác phẩm lưu danh.
    This novel may well become a classic
    (Tác phẩm này có thể được lưu danh).

  • Classical: cổ điển, kinh điển.

  • Politic: nhận thức đúng/ khôn ngoan/ trang trọng.
    I don’t think it would be politic to ask for loan just now.
    (Tôi cho rằng sẽ không là khôn ngoan nếu hỏi vay một khoản ngay lúc này.)

  • Political: thuộc về chính trị.
    A political career (một sự nghiệp chính trị).

  • Continual: liên tục lặp đi lặp lại (hành động có tính cách quãng)
    Please stop your continual questions (Xin hãy thôi hỏi lặp đi lặp lại mãi như thế).

  • Continous: liên miên/suốt (hành động không có tính cách quãng)
    A continous flow of traffic (Dòng xe cộ chạy liên miên bất tận).

  • As (liên từ) = Như + Subject + verb.
    When in Roma, do as Romans do (Nhập gia tùy tục).

  • Like (tính từ dùng như một giới từ) + noun/noun phrase
    He fought like a mad man (Anh ta chiến đấu như điên như dại).

  • Alike (adj.): giống nhau, tương tự
    Although they are brother, they don’t look alike.

  • Alike (adverb): như nhau
    The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike.

  • As: như/ với tư cách là (dùng trong so sánh khi bản thân chủ ngữ có chức năng như vật/người được so sánh)
    Let me speak to you as a father (Hãy để tôi nói với cậu như một người cha)

  • Like: như là (dùng trong so sánh khi bản thân chủ ngữ và cái/người so sánh không phải là một hoặc không có chức năng đồng nhất)
    Let me speak to you like a man above (Hãy để tôi nói với anh như một người bề trên).

  • Before: trước đây/trước đó (dùng khi so sánh một thứ với tất cả các thứ khác cùng loại)
    She has never seen such a beautiful picture before (Cô ta chưa bao giờ nhìn thấy một bức tranh đẹp như thế trước đây).

    Before: Trước (chỉ một sự việc xảy ra trước một sự việc khác trong quá khứ, thường dùng với Past Perfect)
    He lived in France in 1912, he had lived in England 4 years before.

  • Ago: trước (tính từ hiện tại trở ngược về quá khứ, thường dùng với Simple Past)
    I went to England 3 years ago.

  • Certain: chắc chắn (biết sự thực)
    Certainly/ I’m certain that he didn’t steal it (Tôi chắc chắn rằng hắn ta không lấy cái đó).

  • Sure: tin rằng (không biết chắc, nói theo cảm nhận, nghĩa là yếu hơn certain)
    Surely/ I am sure that he did not steal it (Tôi tin rằng hắn không lấy thứ đó).

  • Indeed: Very+indeed (sau một tính từ hoặc một phó từ)
    Thank you very much indeed.
    I was very pleased indeed to hear from you.
    Indeed dùng sau to be hoặc một trợ động từ nhằm xác nhận hoặc nhấn mạnh cho sự đồng ý (thường dùng trong câu trả lời ngắn).
    It is cold / - It is indeed.
    Henny made a fool of himself / - He did indeed.

  • Ill (British English) = Sick (American English) = ốm
    George didn’t come in last week because he was ill (=he was sick)

  • Sick + Noun = ốm yếu/ bệnh tật
    He spent 20 years looking after his sick father (Người cha bệnh tật)

  • Be sick = Fell sick = Nôn/ buồn nôn/ say (tàu, xe...)
    I was sick 3 times in the night (tôi nôn 3 lần trong đêm)
    I feel sick. Where’s the bath room? (tôi thấy buồn nôn, phòng tắm ở đâu?)
    She is never sea-sick (Cô ấy chẳng bao giờ say sóng cả)

  • Welcome (adjective) = được mong đợi/ được chờ đợi từ lâu/ thú vị
    A welcome guest (Khách quí/ khách bấy lâu mong đợi)
    A welcome gift (Món quà thú vị được chờ đợi từ lâu)

  • Welcome to + noun = Có quyền, được phép sử dụng.
    You are welcome to any book in my library (Anh có quyền lấy bất kỳ quyển sách nào trong thư viện của tôi)

  • Welcoming (phân từ 1 cấu tạo từ động từ welcome dùng làm tính từ) Chào đón/ đón tiếp ân cần
    This country have given me a welcoming feeling. (Xứ sở này đã dành cho tôi một tình cảm chào đón ân cần)
    Hoan nghênh/ Tán đồng (ý kiến)
    To show a welcoming idea (Bộc lộ một ý kiến tán đồng)

  • Be certain/ sure of + verb-ing: chắc chắn là (đề cập đến tình cảm của người đang được nói đến)
    Before the game she felt certain of winning, but after a few minutes she realized it wasn’t going to be easy.
    You seem very sure of passing the exam, I hope you are right.

  • Be certain/ sure + to + verb: chắc chắn sẽ phải (đề cập đến tình cảm của chính người nói hoặc viết câu đó):
    The repairs are certain to cost more than you think.
    Elaine is sure to win-the other girl hasn’t got a chance.

  • Be interested + to + verb: Thấy thích khi...:
    I’m interested to read in the paper that scientists have found out how to talk to whales.
    (Tôi thấy thích/ thú vị khi...)

  • Be interested in + verb-ing/ Be interested + to + verb:Muốn biết/ muốn phát hiện ra/ muốn tìm ra...:
    I’m interested in finding out/ to find out what she did with all that money.
    (Tôi muốn biết cô ta đã làm gì với ngần ấy tiền).

  • Be interested in + verb-ing: Thấy thích/ thích/ muốn...
    I’m interested in learning higher education in the U.S.

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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Cách làm bài trắc nghiệm ngữ pháp

Thường thì trong bài thi trắc nghiệm ngữ pháp, bạn sẽ không thể trả lời ngay bằng cách chỉ áp dụng một quy tắc ngữ pháp nhất định nào đó mà phải kết hợp hai hay nhiều quy tắc khác nhau để loại trừ phương án sai. Áp dụng lần lượt các bước sau:

(1) Kiểm tra các lỗi ngữ pháp cơ bản bao gồm
(a) Sự hoà hợp giữa chủ ngữ và vị ngữ
(b) Cách sử dụng Adj và Adv
(c) Vị trí và thứ tự của các Adv.
(d) Sự phù hợp giữa các thời động từ.
(e) Đại từ có danh từ duy nhất để nó đại diện hay không.
(f) Cấu trúc câu song song.

(2) Loại bỏ những câu trả lời rườm rà, câu càng ngắn gọn và dễ hiểu càng tốt:
(a) Tránh các đáp án dài dòng như:
John read the letter in a thoughtful manner. (can be replaced by thoughtfully)
(b) Tránh các đáp án có 2 từ nghĩa giống nhau.

(3) Loại bỏ những đáp án có từ vựng không rõ nghĩa:
(a) Phải chắc chắn rằng tất cả các từ đều có nghĩa trong câu.
(b) Phải đảm bảo những động từ có 2 từ phải được nối với nhau bằng một giới từ phù hợp (xem phần sau)

(4) Tránh dùng các từ lóng, tiếng lóng. Từ lóng chỉ dùng trong văn nói, không dùng trong văn viết. Ví dụ
really khi dùng với nghĩa very
bunch khi dùng với nghĩa many
any noun + wise khi dùng với nghĩa in relation to ...

Ví dụ:

1. Before we can decide on the future uses of this drug, ________
(A) many more informations must be reviewed.
(B) is necessary to review more information.
(C) we must review much more information.
(D) another information must to be reviewed.

Phân tích:

(A) có 2 chỗ sai: không dùng many với information là danh từ không đếm được và không được viết là informations.
(B) có 1 chỗ sai vì thiếu chủ ngữ.
(C) đúng
(D) có 2 chỗ sai: không dùng another với danh từ không đếm được và sau trợ động từ must là động từ nguyên thể không có to.

2. In this country, a growing concern about the possible hazardous effects ofchemical wastes ________
(A) have resulted in a bunch of new laws.
(B) has resulted in several new laws.
(C) is causing the results of numerous new laws.
(D) result in news laws.

Phân tích:

(A) có 2 chỗ sai: không dùng động từ ở số nhiều have với chủ ngữ số ít a growing concern và không được dùng từ lóng (slang) bunch of.
(B) đúng.
(C) rườm rà. Causing the result of là quá dài dòng.
(D) có 2 chỗ sai: không dùng result (động từ số nhiều) với chủ ngữ là danh từ số ít và không được dùng dạng thức số nhiều của tính từ (viết đúng phải là new laws).

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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Khi phó từ đứng đầu câu để nhấn mạnh, phải đảo cấu trúc câu

46. Khi phó từ đứng đầu câu để nhấn mạnh, phải đảo cấu trúc câu

Trong một số trường hợp các phó từ không đứng ở vị trí bình thường của nó mà đảo lên đứng ở đầu câu nhằm nhấn mạnh vào hành động của chủ ngữ. Trong trường hợp đó ngữ pháp sẽ thay đổi, đằng sau phó từ đứng đầu câu là trợ động từ rồi mới đến chủ ngữ và động từ chính:

John hardly remembers the accident that took his sister's life.
Hardly does John remember the accident that took his sister's life.

Never have so many people been unemployed as today.
(So many people have never been unemployed as today)
Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands.
(He had hardly fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands.)
Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be.
(We have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be.)
Seldom does class let out early.
(Class seldom lets out early.)
Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task.
(We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.)

Một số các trạng từ đặc biệt khác cũng thường đứng ở đầu câu, phải đảo cấu trúc câu như trên:

  • In/ Under no circumstances: Dù trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không.
    Under no circumstances should you lend him the money.

  • On no account: Dù bất cứ lý do gì cũng không
    On no accout must this switch be touched.

  • Only in this way: Chỉ bằng cách này
    Only in this way could the problem be solved

  • In no way: Không sao có thể
    In no way could I agree with you.

  • By no means: Hoàn toàn không
    By no means does he intend to criticize your idea.

  • Negative ..., nor + auxiliary + S + V
    He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.

  • Khi một mệnh đề mở đầu bằng các thành ngữ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc trật tự thì động từ chính có thể đảo lên chủ ngữ nhưng tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ trong trường hợp này.
    Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary)
    In front of the museum is a statue.
    First came the ambulance, then came the police.
    ( Thoạt đầu là xe cứu thương chạy đến, tiếp sau là cảnh sát.)

  • Khi một ngữ giới từ làm phó từ chỉ địa điểm hoặc phương hướng đứng ở đầu câu, các nội động từ đặt lên trước chủ ngữ nhưng tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ trong loại câu này. Nó rất phổ biến trong văn mô tả khi muốn diễn đạt một chủ ngữ không xác định:
    Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen.
    Directly in front of them stood a great castle.
    On the grass sat an enormous frog.
    Along the road came a strange procession.

  • Tính từ cũng có thể đảo lên trên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh và sau đó là liên từ nhưng tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ.
    So determined was she to take the university course that she taught school and gave music lesson for her tuition fees.

  • Trong một số trường hợp người ta cũng có thể đảo toàn bộ động từ chính lên trên chủ ngữ để nhấn mạnh, những động từ được đảo lên trên trong trường hợp này phần lớn đều mang sắc thái bị động nhưng hoàn toàn không có nghĩa bị động.
    Lost, however, are the secrets of the Mayan astronomers and the Inca builders as well as many medicinal practices.
    (Mất đi vĩnh viễn, tuy vậy, lại là những bí mật của những nhà thiên văn thuộc nền văn minh Mayan, ...)

  • Các phó từ away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up... có thể theo sau là một động từ chuyển động và sau đó là một danh từ làm chủ ngữ:
    + Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up...+ motion verb + noun/noun phrase as a subject.
    Away went the runners/ Down fell a dozen of apples...
    + Nhưng nếu một đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ ngữ thì động từ phải để sau chủ ngữ:
    Away they went/ Round and round it flew.
    + Trong tiếng Anh viết (written English) các ngữ giới từ mở đầu bằng các giới từ down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, up... có thể được theo sau ngay bởi động từ chỉ vị trí (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand...) hoặc các dạng động từ chỉ chuyển động, các động từ như be born/ die/ live và một số dạng động từ khác.
    From the rafters hung strings of onions.
    In the doorway stood a man with a gun.
    On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.
    Over the wall came a shower of stones.

    *Lưu ý: 3 ví dụ đầu của các ví dụ trên có thể diễn đạt bằng một VERB-ING mở đầu cho câu và động từ BE đảo lên trên chủ ngữ:
    Hanging from the rafters were strings of onion.
    Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.
    Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot.
    Hiện tượng này còn xảy ra khi chủ ngữ sau các phó từ so sánh as/than quá dài:
    She was very religious, as were most of her friends.
    City dwellers have a higher death rate than do country people.

  • Tân ngữ mang tính nhấn mạnh cũng có thể đảo lên đầu câu:
    Not a single word did he say.

  • Here/There hoặc một số các phó từ đi kết hợp với động từ đứng đầu câu cũng phải đảo động từ lên trên chủ ngữ là một danh từ, nhưng nếu chủ ngữ là một đại từ thì không được đảo động từ:
    Here comes Freddy.
    Incorrect: Here comes he
    Off we go
    Incorrect: Off go we
    There goes your brother
    I stopped the car, and up walked a policeman.

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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Câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp

45. Câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp

Trong câu trực tiếp thông tin đi từ người thứ nhất đến thẳng người thứ hai (người thứ nhất nói trực tiếp với người thứ hai).

He said "I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday".

Trong câu gián tiếp thông tin đi từ người thứ nhất qua người thứ hai đến với người thứ ba. Khi đó câu có biến đổi về mặt ngữ pháp.

He said he had bought a new motorbike for himself the day before.

Để biến đổi một câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp cần:
1. Đổi chủ ngữ và các đại từ nhân xưng khác trong câu trực tiếp theo chủ ngữ của thành phần thứ nhất.
2. Lùi động từ ở vế thứ 2 xuống một cấp so với lúc ban đầu.
3. Biến đổi các đại từ chỉ thị, phó từ chỉ thời gian và địa điểm theo bảng qui định.

Bảng đổi động từ

Direct speech

Indirect speech

Simple present
Present progressive
Present perfect (Progressive)
Simple past
Will/Shall
Can/May
Simple past
Past progressive
Past perfect (Progressive)
Past perfect
Would/ Should
Could/ Might

Bảng đổi các đại từ chỉ thị, phó từ chỉ địa điểm và thời gian

Today
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Next + Time
Last + Time
Time + ago
This, these
Here, Overhere
That day
The day before
Two days before
The next/ the following day
In two days' time
The following + Time
The previous + Time
Time + before
That, those
There, Overthere

Nếu lời nói và hành động xảy ra cùng ngày thì không cần phải đổi thời gian.

At breakfast this morning he said "I will be busy today".
At breakfast this morning he said he would be busy today.

Các suy luận logic về mặt thời gian tất nhiên là cần thiết khi lời nói được thuật lại sau đó một hoặc hai ngày.

(On Monday) He said " I'll be leaving on Wednesday "
(On Tuesday) He said he would be leaving tomorrow.
(On Wednesday) He said he would be leaving today.

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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Chuyển đổi vị trí tân ngữ trực tiếp và gián tiếp

44. Chuyển đổi vị trí tân ngữ trực tiếp và gián tiếp

Có hai cách sử dụng tân ngữ của một ngoại động từ mà ý nghĩa của câu không thay đổi. Tân ngữ gián tiếp (indirect object) là tân ngữ chỉ đồ vật hoặc người mà hành động xảy ra đối với (hoặc dành cho) đồ vật hoặc người đó. Tân ngữ trực tiếp (direct object) là người hoặc vật đầu tiên nhận tác động của hành động. Tân ngữ gián tiếp có thể đứng sau tân ngữ trực tiếp, ngăn cách bởi một giới từ hoặc cũng có thể đứng trước tân ngữ trực tiếp (mà không có giới từ). Giới từ thường dùng ở đây là forto. Ví dụ:

I gave the book to Jim.

The book là tân ngữ trực tiếp và hành động đầu tiên là hành động cầm lấy quyển sách trong tay và hành động thứ hai (gián tiếp) là đưa nó cho Jim.

Khi muốn đổi vị trí giữa tân ngữ trực tiếp và tân ngữ gián tiếp, ta sử dụng một trong hai công thức sau:

Subject + verb + direct object + [for / to] + indirect object

I gave the book to Jim.
The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother.
He lent his car to his brother

Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

I gave Jim the book.
The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers.
He lent his brother his car.

Không phải động từ nào cũng cho phép đổi vị trí tân ngữ trực tiếp và gián tiếp. Bảng sau là một số động từ cho phép đổi:

bring
build
buy
cut
draw
feed
find
get
give
hand
leave
lend
make
offer
own
paint
pass
pay
promise
read
sell
send
show
teach
tell
write

Một số trong các từ trên có thể dùng được cả với forto, một số khác chỉ dùng với một trong 2 giới từ. Chú ý rằng trong công thức thứ hai nêu trên, khi tân ngữ gián tiếp đứng trước tân ngữ trực tiếp thì không dùng giới từ giữa chúng:

Đúng: The director's secretary sent them the menuscript last night.
Sai: The director's secretary sent to them the menuscript last night.

Nếu cả tân ngữ trực tiếp và gián tiếp đều là đại từ thì chỉ được dùng công thức thứ nhất, không dùng công thức 2:

Đúng: They gave it to us.
Sai: They gave us it.

Chú ý: Hai động từ introduce (giới thiệu ai với ai) và mention (đề cập đến cái gì trước mặt ai) luôn dùng cùng với giới từ to nên chúng không cho phép chuyển đổi vị trí hai tân ngữ trực tiếp và gián tiếp.

I introduce John to Dr. Tim.
I introduce Dr. Tim to John.
He mentions the party to me.

Sẽ đặt Quảng cáo

Sounds of English (Phát âm)

The sounds in "heed" and "hid"

The sounds in "head" and "hate"

The sounds in "hot" and "hat"

The sounds of in "hoot" and "hood"

The sounds in "hoot" and "hut"

The sounds in "hoed" and "hoot"

The sounds in "ought" and "hot"

The sounds in "oy!", "how" and "height"

Reduced Vowel Sounds

The sounds in "bat" and "pat"

Nasal sounds

The sounds in English

The sounds in "did" and "ted"

r and l sounds in English

The sounds in "sit" and "zit"

The sounds in "fed" and "vittles"

The sounds in "git" and "kit"

Word Final Fricatives - Voiced and Unvoiced

The sound in "hat"

The sound in "wit"

The sounds in "chip" and "jet"

The sound in "yet"

The sounds in "ship" and "measure"

Voiced and Unvoiced

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